<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestiag</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия аграрных наук</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1817-7204</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1817-7239</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29235/1817-7204-2022-60-4-362-371</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestiag-653</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗЕМЛЯРОБСТВА І РАСЛІНАВОДСТВA</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AGRICULTURE AND PLANT CULTIVATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ферментативная диагностика для оценки влияния азотных удобрений на процессы минерализации и гумификации в дерново-подзолистых почвах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Enzyme diagnostics for evaluation of effect of nitrogen fertilizers on mineralization and humification processes in sod-podzolic soils</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайловская</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailouskaya</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайловская Наталья Алексеевна – кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент, заведующая лабораторией</p><p>ул. Казинца, 90, 220108, Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natallia A. Mikhailouskaya – Ph. D. (Agricultural), Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory</p><p>90, Kazintsa Str., 220108, Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bionf1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касьянчик</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasyanchyk</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Касьянчик Светлана Ананьевна − кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, заместитель академика-секретаря Отделения аграрных наук</p><p>пр-т Независимости, 66, 220072, Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Kasyanchyk − Ph. D. (Agricultural), Deputy Academician-Secretary of the Department of Agrarian Sciences </p><p>66, Nezavisimosti Ave., 220072, Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">agroprezidium@bas-net.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мезенцева</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mezentseva</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мезенцева Елена Геннадьевна − кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент, заведующая лабораторией</p><p>ул. Казинца, 62, 220108, Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena G. Mezentseva − Ph. D. (Agricultural), AssociateProfessor, Head of the Laboratory</p><p>62, Kazintsa Str., 220108, Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_mezentseva@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Погирницкая</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pagirnitskaya</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Погирницкая Татьяна Викторовна − младший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. Казинца, 62, 220108, Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatsiana V. Pagirnitskaya – Junior Researcher, Institutefor Soil Science and Agrochemistry </p><p>62, Kazintsa Str., 220108, Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">microlab.cx@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт почвоведения и агрохимии НАН Беларуси</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальная академия наук Беларуси</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>362</fpage><lpage>371</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Михайловская Н.А., Касьянчик С.А., Мезенцева Е.Г., Погирницкая Т.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайловская Н.А., Касьянчик С.А., Мезенцева Е.Г., Погирницкая Т.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhailouskaya N.A., Kasyanchyk S.A., Mezentseva A.G., Pagirnitskaya T.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestiagr.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/653">https://vestiagr.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/653</self-uri><abstract><p>Экологический менеджмент почвенных ресурсов – актуальная задача, предполагающая периодическую оценку влияния удобрений и других антропогенных факторов на скорость и направленность трансформации органического вещества. Минерализация и гумификация органических остатков – важнейшие функции почвы, определяющие ее плодородие и тесно связанные с биохимической деятельностью микробных сообществ. В условиях применения интенсивных аграрных технологий необходимо своевременно выявлять потенциальные риски снижения плодородия почв. Учитывая биохимическую природу процессов минерализации и гумификации органических веществ, для этой цели целесообразно использовать показатели ферментативной активности. Ферменты – важнейшие метаболиты микроорганизмов. При выборе ферментативных показателей для надежной оценки влияния естественных и антропогенных факторов на активность минерализации и гумификации принимали во внимание масштабные и универсальные процессы в циклах основных биогенных элементов – углерода и азота. Показаны возможности ферментативной диагностики для оценки влияния азотных удобрений на активность и соотношение процессов минерализации и гумификации в дерново-подзолистых почвах. Определены наиболее информативные ферментативные тесты для оценки влияния естественных и антропогенных факторов на активность минерализации и гумификации в циклах углерода и азота почвы. Для интерпретации данных ферментативной диагностики предложен результирующий оценочный показатель – биохимический коэффициент, позволяющий сравнивать скорости гумификации и минерализации, выявлять их дисбаланс и нормировать антропогенную нагрузку. Представлены экспериментальные данные по влиянию азотных удобрений на активность и соотношение гумификации и минерализации, полученные в длительных полевых экспериментах на дерново-подзолистых почвах разного гранулометрического состава и уровня окультуренности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ecological management of soil resources is an urgent task involving periodic assessment of effect of fertilizers and other anthropogenic factors on the rate and direction of organic matter transformation. Mineralization and humification of organic residues are the most important functions of the soil, which determine its fertility and are closely related to the biochemical activity of microbial communities. When using intensive agricultural technologies, it is required to timely identify potential risks of reducing soil fertility. Taking into account the biochemical nature of the processes of mineralization and humification of organic substances, it is advisable to use indicators of enzymatic activity for this purpose. Enzymes are the most important metabolites of microorganisms. When choosing enzymatic indicators for a reliable assessment of influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the activity of mineralization and humification, we took into account large-scale and universal processes in the cycles of the main biogenic elements – carbon and nitrogen. Soil enzyme diagnostics was shown to be likely useful instrument for evaluation of natural and anthropogenic factors effect on mineralization and humification processes in sod-podzolic soils. The most informative enzymatic tests for characterization of soil biochemical status in C and N cycles were determined. Biochemical coefficient was proposed as a resulting criteria for interpretation of enzymes activity data, allowing to compare humification and mineralization activities, reveal their disbalance and control of anthropogenic impact on soils. Experimental data on the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the activity and ratio of humification and mineralization, obtained in long-term field experiments on soddy-podzolic soils of different granulometric composition and level of fertility are presented.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дерново-подзолистые почвы</kwd><kwd>азотные удобрения</kwd><kwd>ферментативная активность</kwd><kwd>минерализация</kwd><kwd>гумификация</kwd><kwd>биохимический коэффициент</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sod-podzolic soils</kwd><kwd>nitrogen fertilization</kwd><kwd>enzyme activity</kwd><kwd>mineralization</kwd><kwd>humification</kwd><kwd>biochemical coefficient</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягинцев, Д. Г. Биология почв: учеб. для студентов вузов / Д. Г. Звягинцев, И. П. Бабьева, Г. М. Зенова. – 3-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Изд-во МГУ, 2005. – 445 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvyagintsev D. G., Bab’eva I. P., Zenova G. M. Soil biology. 3rd ed. Moscow, Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2005. 445 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Микроорганизмы и охрана почв / С. В. Левин [и др.]; под ред. Д. Г. Звягинцева. − М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1989. – 206 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvyagintsev D. G. (ed.). Microorganisms and soil protection. Mosow, Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1989. 206 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербакова, Т. А. Ферментативная активность почв и трансформация органического вещества: в естественных и искусственных фитоценозах / Т. А. Щербакова. – Минск: Наука и техника, 1983. – 221 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcherbakova T. A. Soil enzymatic activity and organic matter transformation: in natural and artificial phytocenoses. Minsk, Nauka i tekhnika Publ., 1983. 221 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabatabai, M. A. Soil enzymes / M. A. Tabatabai // Methods of soil analysis. Pt. 2. Microbiological and biochemical properties / Soil Science Soc. of America; ed.: R. W. Weaver [et al.]. – Madison, 1994. – P. 775–833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabatabai M. A. Soil enzymes. Methods of soil analysis. Pt. 2. Microbiological and biochemical properties. Madison, 1994, pp. 775–833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Туев, Н. А. Микробиологические процессы гумусообразования / Н. А. Туев. – М.: Агропромиздат, 1989. – 239 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tuev N. A. Microbiological processes of humus formation. Moscow, Agropromizdat Publ., 1989. 239 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хазиев, Ф. Х. Системно-экологический анализ ферментативной активности почв / Ф. Х. Хазиев; отв. ред. Р. Г. Минибаев. − М.: Наука, 1982. – 202 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaziev F. Kh. System-ecological analysis of the enzymatic activity of soils. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1982. 202 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyd, S. A. Enzyme interactions with clays and clay-organic matter complexes / S. A. Boyd, M. M. Mortland // Soil biochemistry / ed.: J.-M. Bollag, G. Stotzky. – New York; Basel, 1990. – Vol. 6. – P. 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203739389</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyd S. A., Mortland M. M. Enzyme interactions with clays and clay-organic matter complexes. Soil biochemistry. Vol. 6. New York, Basel, 1990, pp. 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203739389</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceccanti, B. Biomonitoring the environment and its functionality / B. Ceccanti, G. Masciandaro, C. Garcia // Environmental biochemistry in practice / Ist. per la Chimica del Terreno, Consiglio Naz. delle Ricerche; ed.: B. Ceccanti, C. Garcia. − Pisa, 1994. – Vol. 1: Wastes and soil management. – P. 1–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceccanti B., Masciandaro G., Garcia C. Biomonitoring the environment and its functionality. Environmental biochemistry in practice. Vol. 1. Wastes and soil management. Pisa, 1994, pp. 1–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masciandaro, G. Assessing soil quality in different agroecosystems through biochemical and chemico-structural properties of humic substances / G. Masciandaro, B. Ceccanti // Soil &amp; Tillage Research. – 1999. – Vоl. 51, № 1–2. – P. 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00056-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masciandaro G., Ceccanti B. Assessing soil quality in different agroecosystems through biochemical and chemicostructural properties of humic substances. Soil &amp; Tillage Research, 1999, vоl. 51, no. 1–2, pp. 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-1987(99)00056-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хазиев, Ф. Х. Некоторые свойства гумус-пероксидазного комплекса / Ф. Х. Хазиев, А. Е. Гулько // Почвоведение. – 1990. – № 2. – С. 30–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaziyev F. Kh., Gul’ko A. Ye. Some properties of humus-peroxydase complex. Pochvovedenie, 1990, no. 2, pp. 30–36 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биохимические и микробиологические критерии оценки плодородия почв и нормирования антропогенной нагрузки: метод. рекомендации / В. В. Лапа [и др.]; Ин-т почвоведения и агрохимии. – Минск: [б. и.], 2015. – 40 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapa V. V., Mikhailovskaya N. A., Chernysh A. F., Kas’yanchik S. A., Ivakhnenko N. N., Barashenko T. B., Pogirnitskaya T. V., Dyusova S. V. Biochemical and microbiological criteria for assessing soil fertility and anthropogenic load rationing. Minsk, 2015. 40 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Application of soil enzyme activity test kit in a field experiment / M. Vepsäläinen [et al.] // Soil Biology &amp; Biochemistry. – 2001. – Vol. 33, № 12–13. – P. 1665–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00087-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vepsäläinen M., Kukkonen S., Vestberg M., Sirviöе H., Niemi R. M. Application of soil enzyme activity test kit in a field experiment. Soil Biology &amp; Biochemistry, 2001, vol. 33, no. 12–13, pp. 1665–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038- 0717(01)00087-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хазиев, Ф. Х. Методы почвенной энзимологии / Ф. Х. Хазиев. – М.: Наука, 2005. – 252 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaziev F. Kh. Methods of soil enzymology. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2005. 252 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dick, R. P. Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality / R. P. Dick // Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment: proc. of a symp., Minneapolis, 1992 / Soil Science Soc. of America; ed.: J. W. Doran [et al.]. – Madison, 1994. – P. 107–124. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub35.c7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dick R. P. Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment: proceedings of a symposium, Minneapolis, 1992. Madison, 1994, pp. 107–124. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub35.c7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caldwel, B. A. Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review / B. A. Caldwel // Pedobiologia. – 2005. – Vol. 49, № 6. – P. 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.06.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caldwel B. A. Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review. Pedobiologia, 2005, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.06.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягинцев, Д. Г. Биологическая активность почв и шкалы для оценки некоторых ее показателей / Д. Г. Звягинцев // Почвоведение. – 1978. – № 6. – С. 48–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvyagintsev D. G. Biological activity of soils and some scales for its evaluation. Pochvovedenie, 1978, no. 6, pp. 48–54 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононова, М. М. Органическое вещество почвы. Его природа, свойства и методы изучения / М. М. Кононова. – М.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1963. – 314 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononova M. M. Soil organic matter. Its nature, properties and methods of study. Moscow, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963. 314 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрова, Л. Н. Органическое вещество почвы и процессы его трансформации / Л. Н. Александрова. – Л.: Наука, Ленингр. отд-ние, 1980. – 287 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrova L. N. Soil organic matter and its transformation processes. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1980. 287 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flaig, W. Effects of micro-organisms in the transformation of lignin to humic substances / W. Flaig // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. – 1964. – Vol. 28, № 10–11. – P. 1523–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90003-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flaig W. Effects of micro-organisms in the transformation of lignin to humic substances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1964, vol. 28, no. 10–11, pp. 1523–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90003-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гулько, А. Е. Фенолоксидазы почв: продуцирование, иммобилизация, активность / А. Е. Гулько, Ф. Х. Хазиев // Почвоведение. – 1992. – № 11. – С. 55–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gul’ko A. E., Khaziyev F. Kh. Soil phenoloxidase: provenance, immobilization, activity. Pochvovedenie, 1992, no. 11, pp. 55–67 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ацци, Дж. Сельскохозяйственная экология / Дж. Ацци; пер. с англ. Н. А. Емельяновой [и др.]; под ред. и с предисл. В. Е. Писарева. – М.: Изд-во иностр. лит., 1959. – 479 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azzi G. Agricultural ecology. Constable, London, 1956. 424 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов, А. И. Почвенно-агрохимическое обоснование системы удобрения на хорошо окультуренных дерново-подзолистых почвах Северо-Запада России: автореф. дис. … д-ра с.-х. наук: 06.01.04 / А. И. Иванов; С.-Петерб. гос. аграр. ун-т. – СПб.; Пушкин, 2000. – 40 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov A. I. Soil-agrochemical substantiation of the fertilizer system on well-cultivated soddy-podzolic soils of the North-West of Russia. St. Petersburg, Pushkin, 2000. 40 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
