vestiagИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия аграрных наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series1817-72041817-7239The Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"10.29235/1817-7204-2021-59-1-90-101vestiag-544Research ArticleЖЫВЁЛАГАДОЎЛЯ І ВЕТЭРЫНАРНАЯ МЕДЫЦЫНАANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY MEDICINEВлияние травяной муки и пробиотика в рационе кур генофондных пород на микробиом кишечника, жироотложение и фолликулогенезEffect of herbal flour and probiotic in diet for poultry of gene pool breeds on intestinal microbiome, fat deposition and foliculogenesisФедороваЗ. Л.FedorovaZ. L.

Федорова Зоя Леонидовна – кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела генетики, разведения и сохранения генетических ресурсов сельскохозяйственных птиц

Московское ш., 55а, 196601, г. Санкт-Петербург, г. Пушкин

 

Zoya L. Fedorova - Ph.D. (Agricultural)

55a, Moskovskoe shosse, 196601, St. Petersburg

zoya-fspb@mail.ruПеринекО. Ю.PerinekO. Yu.

Перинек Оксана Юрьевна – кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела генетики, разведения и сохранения генетических ресурсов сельскохозяйственных птиц

Московское ш., 55а, 196601, г. Санкт-Петербург, г. Пушкин

Оksana Yu. Perinek - Ph.D. (Agricultural)

55a, Moskovskoe shosse, 196601, St. Petersburg

odormidonova@mail.ruИльинаЛ. А.IlinaL. A.

Ильина Лариса Александровна – кандидат биологических наук, начальник молекулярно-генетической лаборатории

Загребский б-р., 19, корп. 1, 192284, г. Санкт-Петербург

Larisa А. Ilina - Ph.D. (Biological). Head of the molecular genetic laboratory

19, korp. 1, Zagrebskii bulv., St. Petersburg, 192284

ilina@biotrof.ruВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт генетики сельскохозяйственных животных – филиал ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста»Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal HusbandryООО «Биотроф»Co Ltd Biotrof20210902202159190101Copyright © Федорова З.Л., Перинек О.Ю., Ильина Л.А., 20212021Федорова З.Л., Перинек О.Ю., Ильина Л.А.Fedorova Z.L., Perinek O.Y., Ilina L.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestiagr.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/544

Пробиотики используют в птицеводстве для профилактики и лечения заболеваний желудочнокишечного тракта инфекционной природы, стимуляции иммунитета, коррекции дисбактериозов пищеварительного тракта, для замены антибиотиков в комбикормах. Повышение уровня клетчатки в рационе кур рассматривается как одна из стратегий питания, задачей, которой является также снижение частоты возникновения проблем в желудочнокишечном тракте. Цель работы – изучение влияния добавок в рационе кур в виде травяной муки и пробиотика на микробиоту кишечника, жироотложение и фолликулогенез. Опыт проводился на курах мясо-яичного типа, пород амрокс и суссекс. С 18-недельного возраста, в течение 12 недель, курам контрольных групп скармливался хозяйственный рацион, I опытной группе 10 % основного рациона заменили люцерновой травяной мукой, а II опытной группе 10 % рациона заменили травяной мукой с добавлением ферментного препарата «Целлобактерин-Т», произведенного в компании ООО «Биотроф». Скармливание травяной муки совместно с пробиотиком положительно повлияло на обменные процессы организма, что нашло отражение в количестве абдоминального жира в тушке. Снижение жира превысило 20 % у птиц опытных групп. Выявлено, что количество зреющих фолликулов в яичниках кур из опытных групп было выше на 25-64 %, что говорит о положительном влиянии экспериментального рациона на потенциальную яйценоскость. Анализ содержимого слепых отростков пищеварительного тракта кур с применением современного молекулярно-генетического метода T-RFLP показал, что использование травяной муки в рационе кур совместно с пробиотиком Целлобактерин-Т способствовало формированию полезной микрофлоры, а также к снижению численности нежелательных актиномицетов и патогенных микоплазм в желудочно-кишечном тракте кур.

Probiotics are used in poultry farming for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of gastrointestinal tract, immune stimulation, correction of dysbacteriosis of digestive tract, and for replacement of antibiotics in compound feed. Increasing the fiber level in diet for poultry is considered as one of the nutrition strategies with the aim of reduction of the frequency of problems in the gastrointestinal tract as well. The purpose of research is to study the effect of grass meal and probiotic in diet for poultry on the intestinal microbiota, fat deposition and folliculogenesis. The experiment had been conducted on meat-and-egg type of hens of Amrox and Sussex breeds. From 18 weeks of age, within 12 weeks hens of the control groups were fed a normal diet, in the I experimental group 10 % of the usual diet was replaced with alfalfa grass flour, and in the II experimental group 10 % of the diet was replaced with grass flour with addition of enzyme preparation “Cellobacterin-T”, produced by Biotrof Ltd. Feeding grass meal along with probiotic positively affected the metabolic processes in body, so the amount of abdominal fat in carcass decreased. Fat reduction exceeded 20 % in poultry of experimental groups. It has been also determined that the number of maturing follicles in the ovaries of hens in experimental groups was 25-64 % higher, which indicates a positive effect of the experimental diet on potential egg production. Analysis of cecum contents in digestive tract of hens using the modern molecular genetic method T-RFLP showed that use of grass meal in diet for poultry along with Cellobacterin-T probiotic contributed to formation of useful microflora, as well as to decrease in the number of undesirable actinomycetes and pathogenic mycoplasmas in gastrointestinal tract of hens.

птицеводствокурыпорода суссекспорода амроксмикрофлора кишечникаслепая кишкатравяная мука жироотложениефолликулогенезпробиотикT-RFLPЦеллобактерин-Тpoultry breedinghenssussex breedamrox breedintestinal microfloracecumgrass mealfat depositionfolliculogenesisprobioticT-RFLPCellobacterin-TРабота выполнена в рамках Государственного задания ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр животноводства – ВИЖ им. Академика Эрнста» (тема ААА-А-А18-118 021590129-9)The research was carried out as part of State program of FSBRI “Federal Research Center for Livestock – VIZH n.a. Academy Member Ernst” (topic ААА-А-А18-118021590129-9)ReferencesStanley, D. Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: influence on health, productivity and disease / D. Stanley, R.J. Hughes, R.J. Moore // Appl. Microbiology a. Biotechnology. – 2014. – Vol. 98, N10. – P. 4301–4310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5646-2Stanley D., Hughes R. J., Moore R.J. Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: influence on health, productivity and disease. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2014, vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 4301-4310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5646-2Arabinoxylans and inulin differentially modulate the mucosal and luminal gut microbiota and mucin-degradation in humanized rats / P. Van den Abbeele [et al.] // Environmental Microbiology. – 2011. – Vol. 13, N10. – P. 2667–2680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02533.xVan den Abbeele P., Grard P., Rabot S., Bruneau A., El Aidy S., Derrien M., Kleerebezem M., Zoetendal E. G., Smidt H., Verstraete W. Arabinoxylans and inulin differentially modulate the mucosal and luminal gut microbiota and mucin-degradation in humanized rats. Environmental Microbiology, 2011, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2667-2680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02533.xRougière, N. Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D− genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency / N. Rougière, B. Carré // Animal. – 2010. – Vol. 4, N11. – P. 1861–1872. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110001266Rougière N., Carré B. Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D− genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal, 2010, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1861-1872. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110001266Mateos, G.G. The feasibility of using nutritional modifications to replace drugs in poultry feeds / G.G. Mateos, R. Lazaro, M.I. Gracia // J. of Appl. Poultry Research. – 2002. – Vol. 11, N4. – P. 437–452. https://doi.org//10.1093/japr/11.4.437Mateos G. G., Lazaro R., Gracia M.I. The feasibility of using nutritional modifications to replace drugs in poultry feeds. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2002, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 437-452. https://doi.org//10.1093/japr/11.4.437Effect of crude fibre concentration in pullet diets (9-16 weeks) on their subsequent performance / C.V. Panaite [et al.] // AgroLife Sci. J. – 2016. – Vol. 5, N1. – Р. 161–167.Panaite C. V., Criste R. D., Dragotoiu D., Panaite T. D., Olteanu M. Effect of crude fibre concentration in pullet diets (9-16 weeks) on their subsequent performance. AgroLife Scientific Journal, 2016, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 161-167.Sklan, D. The effect of dietary fiber on the small intestines and apparent digestion in the turkey / D. Sklan, A. Smirnov, I. Plavnik // Brit. Poultry Science. – 2003. – Vol. 44, N5. – P. 735–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660310001643750Sklan D., Smirnov A., Plavnik I. The effect of dietary fiber on the small intestines and apparent digestion in the turkey. British Poultry Science, 2003, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 735-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660310001643750Amerah, A.M. Influence of insoluble fibre and whole wheat inclusion on the performance, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens / A.M. Amerah, V. Ravindran, R.G. Lentle // Brit. Poultry Science. – 2009. – Vol. 50, N3. – P. 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660902865901Amerah A. M., Ravindran V., Lentle R.G. Influence of insoluble fibre and whole wheat inclusion on the performance, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 2009, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660902865901Svihus, B. The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability / B. Svihus // World’s Poultry Science J. – 2011. – Vol. 67, N2. – P. 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933911000249Svihus B. The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 2011, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 207-224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933911000249Walugembe, M. Effects of high fiber ingredients on the performance, metabolizable energy and fiber digestibility of broiler and layer chicks / M. Walugembe, M.E. Persia, M.F. Rothschild // Animal Feed Science a. Technology. – 2014. – Vol. 188. – P. 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.012Walugembe M., Persia M. E., Rothschild M.F. Effects of high fiber ingredients on the performance, metabolizable energy and fiber digestibility of broiler and layer chicks. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014. vol. 188, pp. 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.012Федорова, З.Л. Травяная мука в рационе мясо-яичных кур: влияние на развитие пищеварительного тракта и фолликулогенез / З.Л. Федорова // Проблемы биологии продуктив. животных. – 2019. – №3. – С. 78–85. https://doi.org/10.25687/1996-6733.prodanimbiol.2019.3.78-85Fedorova Z.L. Herbal flour in the diet of meat and egg productivity hens: the impact on the development of the digestive tract and folliculogenesis. Problemy biologii produktivnykh zhivotnykh [Problems of Productive Animal Biology], 2019, no. 3, pp. 78-85. https://doi.org/10.25687/1996-6733.prodanimbiol.2019.3.78-85Roles of dietary fibre and ingredient particle size in broiler nutrition / S.K. Kheravii [et al.] // World’s Poultry Science J. – 2018. – Vol. 74, N2. – P. 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000259Kheravii S. K., Morgan N. K., Swick R. A., Choct M., Wu S.-B. Roles of dietary fibre and ingredient particle size in broiler nutrition. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 2018, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 301-316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000259Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics / G.G. Mateos [at al.] // J. of Appl. Poultry Research. – 2012. – Vol. 21, N1. – P. 156–174. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00477Mateos G. G., Jiménez-Moreno E., Serrano M. P., Lázaro R.P. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2012, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 156-174. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00477Montagne, L. A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the intestinal mucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals / L. Montagne, J.R. Pluske, D.J. Hampson // Animal Feed Science a. Technology. – 2003. – Vol. 108, N1/4. – P. 95–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00163-9Montagne L., Pluske J. R., Hampson D.J. A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the intestinal mucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2003, vol. 108, no. 1/4, pp. 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00163-9Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality: Comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose / K. Raninen [et al.] // Nutrition Rev. – 2011. – Vol. 69, N1. – P. 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00358.xRaninen K., Lappi J., Mykkänen H., Poutanen K. Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality: Comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose. Nutrition Reviews, 2011, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00358.xФисинин, В.И. Кишечный иммунитет у птиц: факты и размышления / В.И. Фисинин, П. Сурай // С.-х. биология. Сер. Биология животных. – 2013. – №4. – С. 3–25.Fisinin V. I., Surai P. Gut immunity in birds: facts and reflections (review). Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya = Agricultural Biology, 2013, no. 4, pp. 3-25 (in Russian).Growth performance, digestibility and faecal coliform bacteria in weaned piglets fed a cereal-based diet including either chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) or ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.) forage / E. Iyarsson [et al.] // Animal. – 2011. – Vol. 5, N4. – P. 558–564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110002193Iyarsson E., Frankow-Lindberg B. E., Andersson H. K., Lindberg J.E. Growth performance, digestibility and faecal coliform bacteria in weaned piglets fed a cereal-based diet including either chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) or ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.) forage. Animal, 2011, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 558-564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110002193Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations / T. Looft [et al.] // ISME J. – 2014. – Vol. 8, N8. – P. 1566–1576. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.12Looft T., Allen H. K., Cantarel B. L., Levine U. Y., Bayles D. O., Alt D. P., Henrissat B., Stanton T.B. Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations. ISME Journal, 2014, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1566-1576. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.12Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and cereals differently affect gut development in broiler chickens and young pigs / H. Liu [et al.] // J. of Animal Science a. Biotechnology. – 2013. – Vol. 4, N1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-50Liu H., Ivarsson E., Lundh T., Lindberg J.E. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and cereals differently affect gut development in broiler chickens and young pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-50Effect of inclusion of oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age / J.M. González-Alvarado [et al.] // Animal Feed Science a. Technology. – 2010. – Vol. 162, N1–2. – P. 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.010González-Alvarado J. M., Jiménez-Moreno E., González-Sánchez D., Lázaro R., Mateos G.G. Effect of inclusion of oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010, vol. 162, no. 1-2, pp. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.010Effects of increasing levels of pea hulls in the diet on productive performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and nutrient retention of broilers from one to eighteen days of age / E. Jiménez-Moreno [et al.] // Animal Feed Science a. Technology. – 2011. – Vol. 168, N1. – P. 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.013Jiménez-Moreno E., Chamorro S., Frikha M., Safaa H. M., Lázaro R., Mateos G.G. Effects of increasing levels of pea hulls in the diet on productive performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and nutrient retention of broilers from one to eighteen days of age. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 100-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.013Ohimain, E.I. The effect of probiotic and prebiotic feed supplementation on chicken health and gut microflora: a review / E.I. Ohimain, R.T. S. Ofongo // Intern. J. of Animal a. Veterinary Advances. – 2012. – Vol. 4, N2. – P. 135–143.Ohimain E. I., Ofongo R.T. S. The effect of probiotic and prebiotic feed supplementation on chicken health and gut microflora: a review. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 2012, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 135-143.The effect of microbial-nutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks after early probiotic and organic acid administration / J.C. Rodriguez-Lecompte [et al.] // J. of Animal Science. – 2012. – Vol. 90, N7. – P. 2246–2254. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4184Rodriguez-Lecompte J. C., Yitbarek A., Brady J., Sharif S., Cavanagh M. D., Crow G., Guenter W., House J. D., CameloJaimes G. The effect of microbial-nutrient interaction on the immune system of young chicks after early probiotic and organic acid administration. Journal of Animal Science, 2012, vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 2246-2254. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4184Hübener, K. Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken / K. Hübener, W. Vahjen, O. Simon // Arch. of Animal Nutrition. – 2002. – Vol. 56, N3. – P. 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039420214191Hübener K., Vahjen W., Simon O. Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2002, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039420214191Разработка современных биотехнологий для оценки экспрессии генов в связи с устойчивостью к болезням и продуктивностью у домашней птицы / М.Н. Романов [и др.] // Материалы Международной научно-практической конференции «Молекулярно-генетические технологии для анализа экспрессии генов продуктивности и устойчивости к заболеваниям животных», Москва, 21–22 ноября 2019 г. / Моск. гос. акад. ветеринар. медицины и биотехнологии им. К.И. Скрябина ; редкол.: И.И. Кочиш [и др.]. – М., 2019. – С. 11–41.Romanov M. N., Laptev G. Yu., Filippova V. A., Iyldyrym E. A., Il’ina L. A., Kochish I. I. (et al.). Development of modern biotechnologies for assessment of gene expression in connection with productivity and resistance to diseases in poultry. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii «Molekulyarno-geneticheskie tekhnologii dlya analiza ekspressii genov produktivnosti i ustoichivosti k zabolevaniyam zhivotnykh», Moskva, 21-22 noyabrya 2019 g. [Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference «Molecular genetic technologies for analysis of gene expression of productivity and resistance to animal diseases», Moscow, November 21-22,Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference «Molecular Genetic Technologies for Analysis of Gene Expression of Productivity and Resistance to Animal Diseases», Moscow, November 21-22.Грозина, А.А. Состав микрофлоры желудочно-кишечного тракта у цыплят-бройлеров при воздействии пробиотика и антибиотика (по данным -RFLP-RT-PCR) / А.А. Грозина // С.-х. биология. Сер. Биология животных. – 2014. – №6. – С. 46–58. https://doi.org/10T.15389/agrobiology.2014.6.46rusGrizina A.A. Gut microbiota of broiler chickens influenced by probiotics and antibiotics as revealed by T-RFLP and RT-PCR. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya biologiya = Agricultural Biology, 2014, no. 6, pp. 46-58 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2014.6.46engIndigenous bacteria and bacterial metabolic products in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens / H.U. Rehman [et al.] // Arch. of Animal Nutrition. – 2007. – Vol. 61, N5. – P. 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390701556817Rehman H. U., Vahjen W., Awad W. A., Zentek J. Indigenous bacteria and bacterial metabolic products in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2007, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 319-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390701556817Каблучеева, Т.И. Особенности пищеварения в слепых отростках кишечника у молодняка мясных кур при разном уровне протеина и использовании пробиотиков в рационе : автореф. дис. … канд. биол. наук : 06.02.05 / Т.И. Каблучеева ; Куб. гос. аграр. ун-т. – Краснодар, 2000. – 27 с.Kablucheeva T.I. Features of digestion in the blind processes of the intestine in young meat chickens with different levels of protein and the use of probiotics in the diet. Abstract of Ph.D. diss. Krasnodar, 2000. 27 p. (in Russian).Tsukahara, T. Effects of animal or plant protein diets on cecal fermentation in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rats (Rattus norvegicus) and chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) / T. Tsukahara, K. Ushida // Comparative Biochemistry a. Physiology. Pt. A, Molecular a. Integrative Physiology. – 2000. – Vol. 127, N2. – P. 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00244-0Tsukahara T., Ushida K. Effects of animal or plant protein diets on cecal fermentation in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rats (Rattus norvegicus) and chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2000, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00244-0Георгиевский, В.И. Физиология сельскохозяйственных животных / В.И. Георгиевский. – М. : Агропромиздат, 1990. – 511 с.Georgievskii V.I. Physiology of farm animals. Moscow, Agropromizdat Publ., 1990. 511 p. (in Russian).Использование пробиотиков, пребиотиков и симбиотиков в птицеводстве / Ш.А. Имангулов [и др.] ; ред.: В.И. Фисинин, И.А. Егоров, Ш.А. Имангулов ; Всерос. науч.-исслед. и технол. ин-т птицеводства. – Сергиев Посад : [б. и.], 2008. – 43 с.Imangulov Sh. A., Egorov I. A., Lenkova T. N., Ignatova G. V., Pan’kov P. N., Rozanov B. L. (et al.). The use of probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics in poultry farming. Sergiev Posad, 2008. 43 p. (in Russian).Брюханов, А.Л. Молекулярная микробиология = Molecular microbiology / А.Л. Брюханов, К.В. Рыбак, А.И. Нетрусов ; под ред. А.И. Нетрусова. – М. : Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 2012. – 476 с.Bryukhanov A. L., Rybak K. V., Netrusov A.I. Molecular microbiology. Moscow, Publishing house of Moscow University, 2012. 476 p. (in Russian).Кислюк, С. Ферментативный пробиотик Целлобактерин – ответ на многие вопросы / С. Кислюк, Н. Новикова, Г. Лаптев // Аграр. эксперт. – 2008. – №1. – С. 26–27.Kislyuk S., Novikova N., Laptev G. Enzymatic probiotic Cellobacterin - the answer to many questions. Agrarnyi ekspert [Agricultural Expert], 2008, no. 1, pp. 26-27 (in Russian).T-RFLP-анализ микрофлоры кишечника – основа выбора кормовых добавок для птицы / Г. Лаптев [и др.] // Птицеводство. – 2010. – №9. – С. 25.Laptev G., Nikonov I., Kryazhevskikh L., Egorov I. T-RFLP-analysis of intestinal microflora - the basis for the choice of feed additives for poultry. Ptitsevodstvo [Poultry Farming], 2010, no. 9, p. 25. (in Russian).Научные основы применения пробиотиков в птицеводстве / Г.А. Ноздрин [и др.] ; Новосиб. гос. аграр. ун-т. – Новосибирск : Изд-во НГАУ, 2005. – 224 с.Nozdrin G. A., Ivanova A. B., Shevchenko A. I., Nozdrin A.G. Scientific basis for the use of probiotics in poultry farming. Novosibirsk, Publishing house of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 2005. 224 p. (in Russian).Mazza, P. The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism / P. Mazza // Boll. Chim. Farmaceutico. – 1994. – Vol. 133, N1. – P. 3–18.Mazza P. The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico, 1994, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 3-18.The safety of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus indicus as food probiotics / H.A. Hong [et al.] // J. of Appl. Microbiology. – 2008. – Vol. 105, N2. – P. 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03773.xHong H. A., Huang J.-M., Khaneja R., Hiep L. V., Urdaci M. C., Cutting S.M. The safety of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus indicus as food probiotics. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2008, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 510-520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03773.xНормы содержания микрофлоры в желудочно-кишечном тракте цыплят-бройлеров / ООО «Биотроф» ; подгот.: Г.Ю. Лаптев [и др.]. – СПб. : БИОТРОФ, 2016. – 26 с.Laptev G. Yu., Novikova N. I., Il’ina L. A., Iyldyrym E. A., Nikonov I. N., Fillipova V. A. (et al.). The norms of content of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. St. Petersburg, BIOTROF Publ., 2016. 26 p. (in Russian).Host and environmental factors affecting the intestinal microbiota in chickens / J.G. Kers [et al.] // Frontiers in Microbiology. – 2018. – Vol. 9. – Art. 235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00235Kers J. G, Velkers F. C., Fischer E.A. J., Hermes G.D. A., Stegeman J. A., Smidt H. Host and environmental factors affecting the intestinal microbiota in chickens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, vol. 9, art. 235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00235

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.